Dr. Thomas R. Nicely

Professor Emeritus of Mathematics Lynchburg College 1501 Lakeside Drive Lynchburg VA 24501-3113 USA

Site last updated 0700 GMT 06 May 2016.

NOTES: For simplicity, numbers of very large or very small magnitude, appearing in some documents on this site, may be written using the floating-point notation of FORTRAN and C. For example, 56e15 means the same thing as 56000000000000000, 5.6*10^16, 5.6·10^16, 5.6e16, 5.6·1016, 5.6×1016, etc. However, in some bibliographic references, such a number may be rendered in TeX style, thus: $5.6 \times 10^{16}$. Also, the default on this site is that K and KB equal 1000 bytes; M and MB equal 1000000 bytes; G and GB equal 1000000000 bytes, etc.

DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH

Code written primarily in GNU C, and distributed asynchronously across available personal computers running under extended DOS, Windows, and GNU/Linux, is employed to enumerate primes, prime gaps, prime constellations (twins, triplets, and quadruplets) and their reciprocal sums (to extrapolate estimates for the corresponding Brun's constants). Some related computational results obtained by other researchers are also reported here.

TABLES OF PRIME GAPS

• A listing of all first occurrence, maximal, and first known occurrence prime gaps of 1 to 1998, as well as all other prime gaps exceeding 999 which lie below 5e16.
• Tables of first known occurrence prime gaps, of measures:
• Note that the above tables display truncated forms of initiating primes which exceed 200 characters in length. However, the zipfile merits.zip (564K) contains a Win/DOS text file specifying the measure G and the merit M=G/ln(p_1) for all presently known first occurrence and first known occurrence prime gaps. This file should be of assistance in determining whether or not some newly discovered gap constitutes a new first known occurrence.
• The complete, untruncated listing of all presently known first occurrence and first known occurrence prime gaps is available as allgaps.dat (9 MB), a Win/DOS text file describing one gap per line, in the standard format. Note that some of the lines are VERY long, so you may need a special text editor to view them. The file is intended primarily as an input file for comnputer processing.
• Detailed instructions for submitting prime gaps are provided. Note that submissions via multimedia (video, audio, images, etc.) and social media (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, etc.) are not accepted; also, proprietary formats (HTML, Word, Excel, PDF, rich text, etc.) should be avoided (send plain text files or zipfiles).
• The prime gap listings were last updated 0400 GMT 02 May 2016.

OTHER TABLES

• A zipfile (111MB) containing complete counts and reciprocal sums of the prime constellations from Nicely's computations (1993-2009). Note the very large size of the zipfile; its data files include more than two million data points from 0 to 2e16.
• A table of π(x), the count of primes, with related functions. Values to 1e16 at intervals of 1e12.
• A table of π(x), the count of primes, with related functions, for 1e16 <= x <= 2e16.
• A table of pi_2(x), the count of twin-prime pairs, with related functions, to 1e16 at intervals of 1e12.
• A table of pi_2(x), the count of twin-prime pairs, with related functions, for 1e16 <= x <= 2e16.
• A table of pi_3a(x), the count of prime triplets (q, q+2, q+6), with related functions, to 1e16 at intervals of 1e12.
• A table of pi_3a(x), the count of prime triplets (q, q+2, q+6), with related functions, for 1e16 <= x <= 2e16.
• A table of pi_3b(x), the count of prime triplets (q, q+4, q+6), with related functions, to 1e16 at intervals of 1e12.
• A table of pi_3b(x), the count of prime triplets (q, q+4, q+6), with related functions, for 1e16 <= x <= 2e16.
• A table of pi_4(x), the count of prime quadruplets (q, q+2, q+6, q+8), with related functions, to 1e16 at intervals of 1e12.
• A table of pi_4(x), the count of prime quadruplets (q, q+2, q+6, q+8), with related functions, for 1e16 <= x <= 2e16.
• Tomás Oliveira e Silva has computed the most extensive tables of π(x) and pi_2(x) of which I am aware, including values of π(x) for x up to 1e23.
• Chris K. Caldwell maintains at his Prime Pages an extensive compilation of values of π(x).
• Xavier Gourdon, Pascal Sebah, and Patrick Demichel have computed the value of π(x) for some extremely large values of x (e.g., 4e22).
• The largest value of x for which π(x) has been computed exactly is x=1e26; specifically,
    π(10^26) = 1699246750872437141327603

a result announced 02 December 2014 by Douglas B. Staple, Dr. rer. nat., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS Canada. The computations used an enhanced version of the combinatorial method originally due to Meissel. The calculations were performed on supercomputers at McGill University and the Université de Montréal, in Montréal, Québec, Canada, and at Laval Université in Québec City, Québec, Canada. The following result was also obtained:
    π(2^81) = 43860397052947409356492


PENTIUM FDIV FLAW

• A personal FAQ regarding the Pentium division flaw. Bibliography attached. Last updated 0900 GMT 19 August 2011.
• Original e-mail message announcing the discovery of the Pentium division flaw, 30 October 1994.
• An account by Richard M. Smith, President of Phar Lap Software, Inc., of the spread of the Pentium flaw announcement across the Internet during the first few days.
• pentbug.zip, a zipfile containing the C source code (pentbug.c) and corresponding DOS executables (pentbug.exe and bug16bit.exe) for a program which will check for the flaw.
• The Pentium division flaw. Thomas R. Nicely. Virginia Scientists Newsletter, Volume 1 (April, 1995), p. 3.
• Untitled article concerning the Pentium division flaw. Thomas R. Nicely. San Francisco Examiner (18 December 1994), p. B-5.

OTHER WORKS

• Problem Proposal #1109, Mathematics Magazine 53:5 (November, 1980), 300 (with solution), "When will spring next begin on March 21st in the United States?" (Answer: 2103 A.D.)
• "Calculation of the Gregorian Easter cycle," public lecture (October, 1977). The period of Easter in the Gregorian calendar, as presently calculated by the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, was shown to be 5,700,000 years. The zipfile easter1.zip contains GNU C source code and a DOS/Wintel executable for calculating the dates of Easter Sunday.
• "Special techniques for the solution of a singular integral equation," doctoral dissertation, applied mathematics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 1971. Advisor: Gordon E. Latta.
• "Electronic structure of open-shell doublet-state molecules: application to CN," master's thesis, theoretical physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, 1965. Advisor: Harvey N. Rexroad.
• The PAYDIRT and BOWL BOUND football simulation board games (see below).

PAYDIRT AND BOWL BOUND

The following information is provided in response to numerous inquiries.

For most of the period from 1977 to 1995, I carried out design and development for the football simulation board games Paydirt (pro) and Bowl Bound (college), produced and distributed commercially by Avalon Hill Game Company (Baltimore, Maryland) and Sports Illustrated Enterprises. Commercial support of these games was suspended in April, 1995, and I retired from development in February, 1996. Avalon Hill Game Company was later acquired by Hasbro, Inc., and commercial design, production, and distribution of both games was suspended indefinitely. It appears that Hasbro retains the rights to both games at this time.

Transcripts of these charts may be available from various third parties. I do not authorize, forbid, or restrict sales or distribution by such parties, known or unknown. Since I am not a participant or stakeholder in such operations, I do not accept legal responsibilty or liability for such sales or products. I do ask that my copyright notice be retained on each chart.

Incidentally, the 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1987 Paydirt team charts (as shipped by Avalon Hill) were not my work...despite the fact that my name appears (unauthorized) on many of them.

NEW PRIME GAP OF MAXIMUM KNOWN MERIT

Michiel Jansen has discovered (03 January 2012) a new first known occurrence prime gap of measure G=66520 following the 816-digit prime P1=1931*1933#/7230 - 30244 (where 1933# indicates the product of all primes from 2 to 1933 inclusive). The merit M=G/ln(P1) of this gap is M=35.4244594, the largest merit of any known prime gap. The endpoints of the gap have been certified as primes deterministically, using Marcel Martin's TITANIX code (version 2.1.0 from 2001; since evolved into PRIMO).

However, Bertil Nyman's maximal gap of 1132, following the prime 1693182318746371 (discovered 24 January 1999), continues to exhibit the greatest known value (0.9206386) of the Cramér-Shanks-Granville ratio G/ln²(p_1); this ratio is 0.0188648876 for Jansen's gap, and 0.8447275 for Silva's maximal gap of 1476 (see below). The limit superior of this ratio has been conjectured to be one (or some even larger value); see the discussion in "New prime gaps between 1e15 and 5e16".

NEW MAXIMAL PRIME GAP OF 1476

Professor Tomás Oliveira e Silva (Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal) and Professor Siegfried "Zig" Herzog (Penn State University, Mont Alto), using computer codes written by Silva, have completed (24 July 2009) an exhaustive scan of all prime gaps through 1500e15, as part of the process of confirming Goldbach's conjecture for all n to this bound. Portions of this interval had been previously scanned for prime gaps by other researchers. The upper bound of exhaustive scan has since been extended (04 April 2012) to 4000e15 by Silva, Herzog, and Silvio Pardi.

As a result, a first known occurrence prime gap previously discovered (01 April 2009) by Silva---the gap of 1476 following the prime 1425172824437699411---is now confirmed as a first occurrence and maximal prime gap, the largest one presently known. Silva's maximal gap of 1476 succeeds Herzog's previous record maximal prime gap of 1442 following the prime 804212830686677669 (discovered 21 November 2005).

My current e-mail address is always available elsewhere on this site.

If you receive an e-mail claiming to be from my address (or some slight variation of my address), which is threatening, abusive, solicitous, commercially oriented, questionable in nature, or otherwise suspicious, treat it as a fraudulent act of vandalism on the part of some third party; ignore its contents and delete it! I DID NOT SEND IT!

Be aware that malicious parties and spammers frequently spoof legitimate e-mail addresses, including my own, using forged headers. My own e-mails will always have distinctive identification headers, aside from those inserted by the mail provider. On the rare occasions when I send attachments with e-mails, it will be with the prior permission of the recipient, or there will be a clear explanation within the message of the contents of the attachment. Furthermore, I never include active links, embedded images, JavaScript, VBScript, or Active-X controls in e-mail (although the e-mail providers, such as Hotmail, might add such features without my permission, just as they append commercial footers without warning).

If possible, send your e-mail messages as plain text; avoid HTML and rich text, especially in e-mails containing data to be processed. Attachments and large data files should be sent as zipfiles (this protects the contents from corruption by the mailers). Please DO NOT send embedded images (jpg, gif, bmp, etc.) in your messages, as these constitute a security hole for viruses and worms, and create a serious bottleneck in e-mail processing. If such images are deemed critical, send them in separate zipped attachments.

I have provided detailed instructions for submitting lists of prime gaps.

Make sure that your subject line is to the point---otherwise, your message might be deleted, unread, as likely spam. Also, if you are seeking information or advice, please send, on your own behalf, a clear and concise explanation of the question or problem. Ordinarily, I will not reply to carbon copies, inquiries by a third person on behalf of others, or unsolicited transcripts of conversations, dialogues, or group discussions to which I was not party.

If your zipfiles or other attachments are extremely large (over 10MB), I do not advise sending them via e-mail. For such extremely large files, provide instead a pointer to a website from which I can download the file.

• NOTE: These applications are distributed as freeware, copyright © 2016 Dr. Thomas R. Nicely, released into the public domain by the author, who disclaims any legal liability arising from their use. All are 32-bit console (terminal, non-GUI, tty, command-line, shell) applications, optimized for a window size of 80x25 or greater. Unless otherwise stated, any source code provided is in GNU C (4.5.2 or later), including the GMP 5.0.2 and MPFR 3.0.1 libraries (earlier versions of these packages may or may not require modifications of the source codes). Primary development and testing are carried out in the 32-bit Windows x86 environment, on 32-bit standalone machines with administrative privileges, using the MinGW/MSYS compilers and development environment (version 28 January 2011). Any executables provided are native to 32-bit Windows (98SE and later). However, efforts are being made to maintain portability to other compilers and platforms, including GNU/Linux (SUSE 10.x as root user), Cygwin, Digital Mars, DJGPP, and Borland (version 5.51). Compatibility with these compilers and platforms is in some cases limited by their lack of support for GNU extensions, C99, C0x, GMP, MPFR, the long double data type, various glibc functions, the conio functions of DOS/DJGPP/Borland, and by non-standard interfaces to 64-bit integers. Support for compilers and platforms other than MinGW/MSYS/Windows is at an early beta stage, and will be extended in breadth and depth as time and resources allow. Support for MSVC, Cygwin, and 64-bit compilers is only at alpha level.

Compilation of the sources will typically require a command line such as

    gcc xxx.c trn.c conio3.c -std=gnu99 -lm -lmpfr -lgmp -oxxx.exe

where xxx.c is the name of the main source file; the exact command line parameters will depend upon your operating environment and the specific code being compiled. The support library trn.c (and its header trn.h), and the GMP library (4.3.1), will be needed for the great majority of the codes; MPFR (2.4.1) will be required for some applications; while the support library conio3.c (and its header conio3.h) will only be required if the code calls conio console functions (such as gotoxy, wherex, etc.) and is being compiled outside of DJGPP and Borland C. No makefiles are required. The extensions of the gnu99 standard (including most of C99) are used throughout these codes.

If you are *not* linking with GMP or MPFR, you will need to append the qualifiers -D__NOGMP__ and/or -D__NOMPFR__ on the command line.

Note that, in general, if you wish to recompile the codes or examine the source code of the support routines, you will need to download trn.zip separately in order to obtain the files trn.c and trn.h (a few packages still include older, dedicated versions of these support files).

• trn.zip, a zipfile (61K) containing the latest revisions of the source code (trn.c) and header file (trn.h) for the support routines called by many of the downloadable applications listed below (some of the applications include their own support files, or are self-contained). Multiple platforms. Last updated 0400 GMT 04 April 2016.
• pix4.zip, a zipfile (58K) containing the source code and a Wintel executable for calculating π(x) using the Legendre-Meissel-Lehmer algorithm. Command-line syntax: pix4 [LB] UB. Run time for x near 1e9 is less than one second; x may be as large as 1e19, but execution time balloons to several hours near 1e15 or 1e16, and memory requirements also increase. The LML algorithm is written as a function (sllLML) in the module lml.c, which may be called from your own code by recompilation and linking. For recompilation, you will also need to download the library files trn.c and trn.h in trn.zip, and include the command-line qualifier -std=gnu99. Not compatible with 64-bit compilers or operating systems; does not require or use GMP or MPFR. Last updated 0545 GMT 20 July 2011.
• conio3.zip, a zipfile (9K) containing the latest revisions of the source code (conio3.c) and header file (conio3.h) for a library of functions which emulate some of the conio functions (gotoxy, wherex, etc.) native to DJGPP and Borland C in DOS console environments. Needed only if the main code calls such functions and is being compiled outside of DJGPP and Borland C. Portions of this code, notably the Win32 sections, were adapted from the package devpak CONIO 2.0 (CONIO2), written and released to the public domain by Hongli Lai, tkorrovi, Andrew Westcott, and Michal Molhanec, and targeted at the Win32 MinGW/Dev-C++ platform. The original CONIO 2.0 is available here; thanks to David Hoke for this pointer, and for his own adaptation of CONIO 2.0. Multiple platforms (but does not support Unicode/wchar_t). Last updated 0400 GMT 04 April 2016.
• bpsw1.zip, a zipfile (229K) containing the source code and executable for an application which illustrates the standard and strong versions of the Baillie-PSW primality test, as well as the standard and strong Lucas-Selfridge tests and the extra strong Lucas test. Requires trn.zip and GMP, but does not require MPFR (recompile with -D__NOMPFR__). The actual code implementing most of these tests is contained in the support module trn.c. Last updated 0200 GMT 28 March 2013.
• cglp4.zip, a zipfile (242K) containing the source code and executable (MinGW/Win32) for an application which checks prime gaps for validity, using the strong Baillie-PSW primality test. Requires GMP, trn.zip, and possibly conio3.zip. Multiple platforms. Last updated 0400 GMT 04 April 2016.
• easter1.zip, a zipfile (39K) containing source code and an executable for calculating the date of Easter Sunday for specified years. Support is provided for both the Western Church (Catholic/Protestant) and Eastern Orthodox algorithms, and for both the Gregorian and Julian (Old Style) calendars. No warranty expressed or implied; this code has not been endorsed or approved by any religious institution, organization, or authority. Last updated 0950 GMT 23 April 2010.
• factor1.zip, a zipfile (190K) containing source files (GNU C with GMP) and an executable for a code which illustrates some algorithms used for factoring integers, including small prime generation, trial divisors, Brent's variation of Pollard's rho method, Pollard's (p-1) method, and a partial implementation of the ECM method. Expression parsing capability is included to allow input in formula form, such as factor1 "2**150 + 1" (command line arguments may require enclosure in double quotes under operating systems such as Windows XP). No claim is made that this code is "state of the art" or "research caliber"; it is most certainly no threat to current encryption schemes. It may eventually be improved by incorporating additional factoring algorithms. Last updated 0900 GMT 08 July 2011.
• lirz.zip, a zipfile (252K) containing source, documentation, data files, and an executable for the purpose of computing the number-theoretic functions Li (logarithmic integral); HL2, HL3, and HL4 (Hardy-Littlewood integral approximations); and R(x), Riemann's prime number function/formula. Routines are included for GNU C with ultraprecision (GCC 4.1.2, GMP 4.2.1, MPFR 2.2.1), GNU C with long double precision, UBASIC 8.8f (ultraprecision), and Mathematica 2.1 (ultraprecision). Last updated 0530 GMT 03 October 2008.
• pentbug.zip, a zipfile (55K) containing the C source code (pentbug.c) and executables (pentbug.exe and bug16bit.exe) for an application which will check for the Pentium FDIV flaw. The executable bug16bit.exe is a 16-bit executable intended for use in standalone DOS, such as systems prior to Windows 95 (which might appear on machines containing flawed processors). Last updated 0700 GMT 20 August 2011.
• pi2.zip, a zipfile (148K) containing the C source codes (pi2e.c and pi2f.c) and executables (pi2e.exe and pi2f.exe) for programs illustrating some practical techniques for generating the twin primes and tabulating their properties. The pi2f code takes advantage of the sieve of Eratosthenes; the pi2e code uses the simple square-root test for primality. The pi2f code is faster in most cases, but either one can enumerate all the twin primes below 1e6 in less than one second on a 600 MHz Celeron; pi2f can enumerate all those below 1e8 in under 15 seconds. Last updated 2100 GMT 22 November 2004.
• pix.zip, a zipfile (176K) containing the C source codes and executables for enumerating the primes and π(x). Three algorithms are illustrated, using the GMP mpz_probab_prime_p and Baillie-PSW tests, trial divisors to the square root, and the sieve of Eratosthenes over byte arrays. Last updated 0530 GMT 15 July 2009.
• td2k.zip, a zipfile (20K) containing the source code (td2k.ub) and documentation (td2k.txt) for a UBASIC application designed for discovering new first known occurrence prime gaps. This is a fully operational research production code. If you download and use it, I encourage you to notify me of any new first known occurrence prime gaps you discover; I will then post them (with proper attribution and credit) in my lists. NOTE: The input and data files of td2k are incompatible with those of the previous version, td2j. Runs begun with td2j should be completed with td2j, or re-started from scratch with td2k. Last updated 0225 GMT 29 April 2005.
• UBASIC (725K), a freeware GW-BASIC-like interpreted programming environment developed by Professor of Mathematics Yûji Kida of Rikkyo University, Japan. UBASIC features easily accessible ultraprecision integer and floating point arithmetic (hundreds of digits), as well as numerous additional intrinsic functions of specific interest in computational number theory. No computational number theorist should be without UBASIC! Also very effective for classroom instructional use. The zipfile provided here contains Version 8.8f (08 October 2000), the last stable version of which I am aware. See also http://www.rkmath.rikkyo.ac.jp/~kida/ubasic.htm.
• WARNING: Be aware that, due to the peculiar command-line parsing algorithm incorporated in recent versions of Microsoft Windows, mathematical expressions in command lines should, to avoid misinterpretation, be specified within double quotes; e.g.,

mycode "2**150 + 1"

This syntax is also valid under DOS and older versions of Windows, but the double quotes were optional in those operating environments. Depending on the programming language, it may also be necessary (within the source code) to strip off the double quotes and/or concatenate command-line arguments. Finally, replacing the exponentiation operator "^" (a particularly troublesome token for Windows) with "**" (as in FORTRAN/COBOL) may be helpful, if the application permits.

Following are some websites of relevance to mathematics in general, and number theory in particular. Note that these pages may open in a new browser window.

DISCLAIMER: No endorsement of, or by these sites is expressed or implied, and Thomas R. Nicely accepts no responsibility or liability in consequence of their access or content. Furthermore, no endorsement, expressed or implied, is granted to other sites which link to this site (with or without my authorization), and no responsibility or liability is accepted for the access, content, accuracy, or integrity of any external site.

• Complete counts and reciprocal sums of the prime constellations from Nicely's computations (1993-2009), as maintained at the Department of Mathematics, University of Washington (Seattle). NOTE: These data files are quite large (over 60MB each, even for the zipped versions), including more than two million data points from 0 to 2e16.
• The GNU project ("GNU's Not UNIX"), launched in 1984 to develop and provide as free software (under the terms of the GNU GPL, Lesser GPL, and FDL licenses) a complete UNIX-like operating system, including utilities, applications, and development tools. Linux is one kernel for the GNU operating system. Supported by the Free Software Foundation.
• The GMP (GNU MP) multiple precision software package. Excellent for ultraprecision integer arithmetic; incomplete support for floating-point arithmetic and DOS/Windows platforms. Version 4.2.1 or later recommended.
• MPFR, a C library for multiple-precision floating-point computations with correct rounding, reliable precision control, and compatibility with the ANSI/IEEE 754-1985 standard. MPFR is based on (and assumes pre-installation of) the GMP multiple-precision library. It is open-source software, distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser GPL license. MPFR is supported and maintained by French teams at INRIA, LORIA, and LIP. It provides many features unavailable with the GMP mpf_t data type and libraries, notably a large collection of transcendental functions. Version 2.2.1 or later recommended.
• MPC, a portable library written in C for arbitrary precision arithmetic on complex numbers providing correct rounding. Ultimately, it should implement a multiprecision equivalent of the C99 standard. MPC builds upon the GNU MP and the GNU MPFR libraries. Written and maintained at INRIA by Andreas Enge, Philippe Théveny, and Paul Zimmermann. Distributed under the GNU LGPL as free software.
• MinGW, minimalist GNU for Windows. MinGW is a collection of freely available and freely distributable Windows specific header files and import libraries, combined with GNU toolsets that allow one to produce native Windows programs which do not rely on any third-party C runtime DLLs. MinGW is distributed in conjunction with MSYS, a Minimal SYStem (shell) providing POSIX/Bourne configure, make, and libtool services within 32-bit Windows. MinGW and MSYS together provide a scalable development environment for GCC applications within 32-bit Windows, with support for GMP and MPFR. The executables require no third-party DLLs, but are specific to the Win32 platform, and rely on the presence (and share some of the shortcomings) of certain Microsoft system DLLs (e.g., MSVCRT.DLL). The deficiencies of MinGW with regard to long doubles, 64-bit integers, and conio are partially remedied by the functions incorporated in the trn and conio3 libraries. Further comments are provided.
• DJ Delorie's DJGPP port of the GNU GCC compilers and utilities (including GMP) to the DOS/Windows platform.
• Home of the C standard, currently C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999), as revised in 2001, 2004, and 2007. Work is underway on the succeeding standard, C1X.
• Home of the C++ standard. The current standard is ISO/IEC 14882:2003 (C++03), the union of the C++98 standard ISO/IEC 14882:1998 and the 2003 corrigendum. Work is underway on the proposed C++0x standard.
• Tomás Oliveira e Silva's projects in computational number theory.
• The home page of Professor Donald E. Knuth of Stanford University.
• Jens Kruse Andersen's site featuring The Top-20 Prime Gaps, the successor to a compilation maintained prior to February 2004 by Paul Leyland.
• The Prime Pages, Chris K. Caldwell, University of Tennessee at Martin. Includes an elementary introduction to prime numbers and number theory.
• The Number Theory Web, maintained by Keith Matthews, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
• MathWorld, a Wolfram Web resource, maintained by Eric W. Weisstein.
• Mathematical constants and computations. Ultraprecision mathematical constants; very fast and very compact algorithms and codes for the evaluation of certain classical mathematical constants; evaluation of π(x) for extremely large x ( > 1e20). Site maintained by Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah. Sebah also plans to post at this site periodically updated results of his own enumeration of the twin primes and the associated estimates of Brun's constant.
• The Mathematics WWW Virtual Library of Florida State University.
• The Penn State index of Mathematics Websites around the world.
• The American Mathematical Society (AMS).
• The Mathematical Association of America (MAA).
• The Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).
• The Society of Actuaries (SOA).
• The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
• PARI-GP, a software package for computer-aided number theory, including the ultraprecision libpari C libraries and the gp programmable interactive calculator. Targeted at UNIX platforms, with some DOS/Wintel support. Site maintained by Henri Cohen and Karim Belabas.
• GIMPS, the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search, a group enterprise using distributed computing across the Internet to search for new primes of the form 2^p - 1, where p is prime. The Prime95 code employed uses George Woltman's gwnum library, highly optimized for x86 processors, as well as code by Richard Crandall.
• PrimeForm/GW, highly optimized x86 software by Yves Gallot and George Woltman, designed to perform compositeness tests, probabilistic primality tests, and (limited) deterministic primality tests. This software incorporates Woltman's gwnum library, the core of the Prime95 code used by GIMPS.
• TtH, Ian Hutchinson's TeX to HTML translator.
• UPX, "the Ultimate Packer for eXecutables". UPX is a free, portable, extendable, high-performance executable packer for several different executable formats. It achieves an excellent compression ratio and offers very fast decompression. Executables suffer little or no memory overhead or other drawbacks for most of the formats supported, because of in-place decompression. UPX is copyrighted software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, with special exceptions granting free usage for commercial programs as stated in the UPX License Agreement. Maintained and copyrighted by Markus F. X. J. Oberhumer, László Molnar, and John F. Reiser (all rights reserved).
• DOSBox, an emulator that recreates an MS-DOS compatible environment (complete with sound, input, graphics and even basic networking). This environment is accurate enough to run many classic MS-DOS games completely unmodified. DOSBox has been ported to many different platforms, including Windows, BeOS, Linux, and Mac OS X. I can personally testify that DOSBox allows me to run Derive XM 3.01, Scrabble Deluxe 1.0 (29 April 1991), and Chess88 (version 2.0, 16 March 1984) in full-screen mode under Vista SP1. DOSBox is free of charge and open-source, published under the GNU GPL license. Copyright DOSBox Team.
• Spybot - Search & Destroy, a freeware application designed to detect and remove spyware of different kinds from your computer. Spybot provides a free software alternative to costly proprietary anti-spyware programs. Also, Spybot is a passive (manual or on-demand) anti-spyware application, and thus avoids the python-like grip of some commercial anti-spyware packages, whose on-access real-time scanners can seriously impact the performance and interface of a system. Frequent signature updates are made available. Copyright Safer Networking Ltd., County Wicklow, Ireland.
• ClamWin, a free anti-virus application for various platforms. ClamWin provides a free software alternative to costly proprietary anti-virus programs. Also, ClamWin is a passive (manual or on-demand) anti-virus application, and thus avoids the python-like grip of commercial anti-virus packages, whose on-access real-time scanners can seriously impact the performance and interface of a system. Based on the Clam AntiVirus engine, ClamWin is an open source code released under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Daily virus signature updates are provided. Copyright ClamWin Pty Ltd.

PROPRIETARY MARKS: DISCLAIMER

Any words, symbols, abbreviations, phrases, marks, or other tokens which appear on this site, and are trademarked, copyrighted, or otherwise considered the legal property of corporate, governmental, academic, or private entities, are recognized as being by law the property of their respective legal owners. The author of this site has no commercial association with any of these entities, or with their representatives, products, or vendors, and the information and opinions on this site are not to be construed as reflecting the endorsement, position, opinion, approval, or participation of any of these entities, or of their representatives or vendors. It remains the personal opinion of the author that current laws regarding "intellectual property rights" are oppressive of free speech, impede the spread of knowledge, and are contrary to the public interest.

Dates and times on this site are either Greenwich Mean Time (GMT, UTC, Zulu) or USA Eastern Time (EST=GMT-5 or EDT=GMT-4), as noted.

Freeware copyright © 2016 Dr. Thomas R. Nicely, Professor Emeritus of Mathematics, Lynchburg College, 1501 Lakeside Drive, Lynchburg VA 24501-3113 USA <http://www.trnicely.net>. Released into the public domain by the author, who disclaims any legal liability arising from its use.